Electronic Circuit : AM Transmitter

An AM voice transmitter with variable tuning. The antenna circuit is also tuned and transmits via a long wire antenna. Please Note. It is illegal to transmit on the AM wavebands in most countries, as such this circuit is shown for educational purposes only.

Notes
. It is illegal to operatea radio transmitter without a license in most countries. This circuit is deliberately limited in power output but will provide amplitude modulation (AM) of voice over the range 500kHz to 1600kHz with values shown. You can input values in the calculator below, remember to change drop down box to picofarads for capacitance and microhenries for the coil. The coil is fixed at 200uH, the capacitor values can be varied and resonant frequency found by using the calculator below.

Tuned Circuit Resonant Frequency Calculator

Capacitance:		Microfarads Nanofarads Picofarads
Inductance:		Henries Millihenries Microhenries Nanohenries
Resonant Frequency:		Hertz Kilohertz Megahertz Gigahertz

Coil Data
If winding your own coil then you may find Martin E Meserve page very helpful:
Single Layer Air Core Inductor Design

An alternative is to use a toroid core of appropriate material. Toroid's come in different sizes and colours, see the sample below.

A T130-2 core requires approximately 137 turns of 36 SWG wire.
Mike Yancey has a very useful Toroid calculator on his webpage, link below:
Toroid Calculator

Circuit Notes
The circuit is in two parts, a microphone pre-amplifier built around Q1 and an RF oscillator circuit (Q2). The oscillator is a standard Hartley oscillator which is tunable. Tank circuit L1 and C1 control frequency of oscillation, the power in the tank circuit limited via emitter resistor R1. The transmitter output is taken from the collector, L2 and C2 form another tuned tank circuit and help match the antenna. L1,L2, C1 and C2 may be salvaged from an old AM radio if available. The antenna should be a length a wire about 10 feet or more. In the schematic I have shown coaxial cable to be wired to the "longwire" antenna, the outer coax shield returned to ground. Ground in this case is a cold water pipe, however even without a ground and coax cable a signal should still be possible.
L2 and C2 not only help match the antenna to the transmitter, but also help remove harmonics and spurious emissions in the transmitter circuit caused by non linearity in the transistors.

Q2 needs regenerative feedback to oscillate and this is achieved by connecting the base and collector of Q2 to opposite ends of the tank circuit which is achieved by C4. C3 ensures that the oscillation is passed from collector, to emitter, via the internal base emitter resistance of the transistor, back to the base again.

Emitter resistor R1 has two important roles in this circuit. It ensures that the oscillation will not be shunted to ground via the very low internal emitter resistance, r_e of Q2, and secondly raises input impedance so that the modulation signal will not be shunted.

Q1 is wired as a common emitter amplifier, C7 decoupling the emitter resistor and realizing full gain of this stage. Bias of this stage is controlled by R4,R5 and R3. The microphone is an electret condenser type microphone, R7 setting operating current of the ECM and C6 providing DC blocking. The amount of modulation is controlled by the 10k preset resistor PR1 which is also the collector load. The preamp stage is decoupled by R6, C8 and C10. This ensures no high freqency feedback from the oscillator gets into the audio stage. Some electrolytics capacitors have a high impedance at radio frequencies, hence the use of C10, a 10n ceramic to bypass any oscillator frequencies.